México es el tercer lugar mundial en producción de opio. Myanmar, el segundo lugar mundial, sufrió recientemente un golpe de Estado: el 1 de febrero de 2021. Laos, Tailandia y el propio Myanmar forman en su frontera con China el «Triángulo de oro». Los tres países cultivan opio y procesan heroína con sustancias precursoras chinas (químicos necesarios para procesar opioides). Afganistán es el primer lugar mundial en producción de opio, con el 80 % a su cargo. En julio de 2000, el régimen Talibán (que gobernó de 1996 a 2001) lo prohibió, con fundamento en el Islam, desde su siembra hasta su distribución. Gracias a esto, en 2001 disminuyó la producción a 10,000 hectáreas. Tras el ataque del 9/11 y el derrocamiento al gobierno Talibán por EEUU, fue éste quien dictó la nueva agenda antidroga. Así, en 2002 la producción regresó a 74,000 hectáreas, y el 2020 cerró con 224,000. El 15 de agosto de 2021 el gobierno Talibán recuperó la capital Kabul, y con ella el control de Afganistán. El 17 de agosto, el portavoz talibán, Zabihullah Mujahid, declaró: «No tendremos producción de narcóticos. Desde ahora, nadie podrá estar involucrado en el tráfico de drogas»[1].
Alemania es el tercer lugar mundial en consumo de opio. Canadá, el segundo lugar mundial, sufrió recientemente una de sus olas más intensas de muertes por sobredosis de opiáceos, en 84 % de los casos están relacionados con estimulantes de opio. Vancouver y Victoria aún lideran en muertes por sobredosis[2]. Cuando se incauta la heroína en este país se descubre, en un 90 % de los casos, que ella es importada directamente de Afganistán. Esto contradice la supuesta «invisibilidad» del país ante el problema del narcotráfico, resultado de estrategia mediática de su gobernante Justin Trudeau para remarcar su imagen de progresista benevolente[3]. Aunque insista en ocultarlo, Canadá tiene sus propios emporios de enervantes: respecto a cannabis, la empresa Canopy Growth Corp[4] está valuada en 12,000 mdd. Ésta y otras compañías farmacéuticas (al modo de nuevas East India Company) colocan discretamente a Canadá como gran líder en la distribución de marihuana en Norteamérica, con cultivos legales incluso en Colombia (véase la Ley 1787 de 2016).
Estados Unidos es el primer lugar mundial en consumo de opio, donde cada día mueren 136 personas por sobredosis de algún derivado del opio (49,000 por año al 2019)[5]. El 75 % de los adictos son «estadounidenses blancos no hispanos»; el resto, afroamericanos e hispanoamericanos. México continúa siendo su importador número uno de heroína, conocida como Mexican Black Tar (la mejor heroína en EEUU recibe el nombre de China White). Según análisis químicos del informe National Drug Threat Assessment (2017), el 93 % proviene de México y sólo el 1 % directamente de Afganistán. En los últimos 20 años, la adicción a opioides en EEUU se multiplicó seis veces debido al abuso de medicamentos contra el dolor, la comercialización de heroína de bajo costo y el aumento de tráfico chino de fentanilo (Fentanyl), que desplaza a la heroína y cocaína. Además es responsable de al menos el 60 % de muertes por sobredosis de derivados del opio (por ejemplo, la del actor Philip Seymour Hoffman, en 2014, y el cantante Prince, en 2016).
China es actual líder en producción de Fentanyl, usado desde 1959 como analgésico y anestésico. Este dominio es resultado del abandono paulatino de la economía agrícola de drogas para pasar a la producción industrial de químicos precursores de drogas sintéticas, que, según el documento Opium Estrategy, de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas Contra la Droga y el Delito (UNODC), son más de 100 los derivados sintéticos del opio, entre los sedantes hipnóticos, los análogos del Fentanyl y los opioides sin él. El Fentanyl es el derivado de opio más fuerte creado a la fecha: una dosis equivale de 30 a 100 de heroína. Sólo un kilo puede matar a 500,000 personas. Las estrategias de EEUU y China siguen siendo opuestas: este último sigue enviando a México sustancias precursoras para producir Fentanyl de modo más fácil y más cerca del consumidor norteamericano.
Mientras Estados Unidos mantenga ese voraz consumo de tantas y variadas drogas, y Asia continúe enviándolas sin escrúpulos, México no tiene otra opción más que comprender su papel de intermediario en esta guerra (que con el Fentanyl renueva ciclo) y comenzar a implementar el cambio de visión implicado en una Gestión pacífica del conflicto.
[1] CBS News. «Illegal drug trade thrives under the Taliban, U.N. officials say». En https://www.cbsnews.com/news/drugs-opium-taliban-afghanistan/
[2] Publicado en Opioid- and Stimulant-related Harms in Canada por Canada’s Health Care System (2021).
[3] «No deberíamos tener una situación en donde el gobierno elige un comité para luego decidir quién reporta las noticias. Es muy peligroso», declaró Pierre Poilievre, miembro conservador del parlamento canadiense. En https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-media-sector-gets-595-million-package-in-ottawas-fiscal-update/
[4] En 2008, una fábrica de chocolate Hershey ubicada en el pueblo Smith Falls, en Ottawa, mudó su producción a Escobedo, Nuevo León. Cuando cientos de canadienses quedaron sin empleo, la convirtieron en Canopy Growth Corp, con licencias medicinal y recreativa como las de Hawai.
[5] Reporte del Departamento de Justicia de Estados Unidos publicado en 2021 para el programa Heroin and Opioid Awareness.
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