El concepto Paz social va más ligado al de Paz positiva en general.
«El significado de paz generalmente podría ser definido ante la ausencia de aspectos negativos como violencia, o definido como la existencia de positivos: calma, estabilidad, salud, crecimiento, etc. Así podemos acercarnos al concepto de Paz social»[1].
En los discursos del llamado Tercer Reich, los de movimientos como el Ku Klux Klan en Estados Unidos y los utilizados en el contexto de los genocidios en Bosnia y Ruanda, en la década de 1990, se han empleado expresiones ‘benévolas’ que han generado odio para atacar y suprimir derechos humanos y/o justificar estas acciones arteras. Aun teniendo un consenso sobre el término paz, llega a manipulársele en aras de conseguir el poder o legitimar toda clase de acciones, lo que genera una contradicción entre los medios empleados y el fin propuesto. Aunque esto no es generalizado, no debe permitirse una interpretación arbitraria que genere acciones inadecuadas.
Pese a que el tema de Paz social es el que más llega a abordarse desde los estudios para la paz, no es tan común encontrar definido este concepto. En cambio se encuentra un sinnúmero de alusiones al término en toda clase de documentos y discursos oficiales, no gubernamentales o en textos legales y académicos. Esto quizá ligado al hecho de que la paz social o la paz pública, como también puede encontrarse referida (aunque no son términos absolutamente idénticos), tiene más relación con los fenómenos de violencia directa y estructural manifestados cotidianamente, objeto de múltiple atención por parte de los diversos actores sociales. Muchas veces los actores de la esfera del poder echan mano del término Paz social más como ornato para sus discursos que dentro de una cabal concepción de lo que ella implica. Fernández Herrería aduce:
La dimensión social es el gran aporte de Occidente. Desde esta dimensión la paz debería ser un proceso basado en el desarrollo humano sostenible de los individuos y de los pueblos, desarrollo definido no solo en el cumplimiento de los derechos humanos de segunda generación (derechos civiles, políticos, económicos, sociales y culturales), como los expresados en la Declaración Universal, sino también en los llamados derechos de solidaridad (3.ª generación: derecho a la Paz, al desarrollo y aun medio ambiente sano y equilibrado) y en los de la 4.ª (bioética).
Sobre este desarrollo humano, agrega:
al ser sostenible, no limita el potencial para satisfacer las necesidades y los derechos de las generaciones futuras. Este desarrollo sostenible debe ser para todas y cada una de las personas que componen la humanidad. En un mundo sistémico no existen islas[2].
El desarrollo humano y el respeto integral a los derechos humanos integran la dimensión social de la paz, factores que ponen de relieve elementos que no siempre se corresponden con la realidad al utilizar el término como objetivo en la implementación de políticas criminales. La norma prescribe la obligatoriedad de ciertas conductas en razón del bien común, la justicia, la seguridad y, en su conjunto, la paz social. En ningún texto legal o documento que contemplan el combate a la delincuencia organizada existe una definición de Paz social, lo que reporta una complejidad adicional para su interpretación. Aun teniendo un consenso sobre el término del concepto Paz pública, en el caso de México suele utilizarse como sinónimo de Paz social y tradicionalmente se ha asociado a la coexistencia pacífica, armónica y civilizada de los ciudadanos, bajo la soberanía del Estado y del derecho.
La Paz pública es un bien jurídico tutelado por el Estado y que goza de una jerarquía superior, pues se le otorga una prioridad en su protección. Esta Paz derivará del respeto generalizado al ordenamiento jurídico y siempre buscará la armonía con los demás y la tranquilidad en las manifestaciones colectivas de la vida ciudadana.
La Paz social es un contenedor de la pública: un elemento más que la integra y a su vez la hace posible ya que precisamente la Paz pública garantizará que algunos de los supuestos contenidos en la concepción de la Paz social sean viables.
[1] MPDHR, 2010.
[2] fernández Herrería, Alfonso: «Paz social» en Mario López Martínez: Enciclopedia de paz y conflictos, Granada, Universidad de Granada, 2004.
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